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Dynamic Compaction Design in Melbourne

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We worked on a 14-story residential tower in Southbank where the fill layer was over 8 meters deep. The old river deposits made conventional shallow foundations impossible. Dynamic compaction design was the only method that could densify that heterogeneous fill to a consistent bearing capacity. We specified a 20-tonne tamper dropping from 25 meters on a 4-meter grid. Before the drop program, we ran a [MASW survey](/masw-vs30/) to map the loose zones across the site. That survey saved weeks of trial drops. The final compaction pass achieved an average blow count of 12 in the top 6 meters. The tower now sits on a stiffened raft designed for 200 kPa.

Illustrative image of Dynamic compaction design in Melbourne
The Menard method predicted 8 meters of improvement. Actual results matched within 6% on that Altona site.

Our service areas

Methodology and scope

Melbourne sits on the Port Phillip Sunkland, a geological depression filled with Quaternary sediments. The Yarra River delta creates deep soft clays and loose sands that vary laterally within meters. For a 10-hectare industrial site in Altona, we designed a dynamic compaction grid with 15-meter spacing and 300-tonne-meter energy per point. The soft clays required pre-drainage with vertical wick drains to accelerate pore pressure dissipation. The compaction lifted the site's average SPT N-value from 4 to 14. We used the Menard design method with an energy factor of 0.15 to predict the depth of improvement. The actual improvement reached 7.5 meters, matching the predicted 8 meters within 6%.
Technical reference — Melbourne

Local considerations

AS 4678 specifies that dynamic compaction design must account for vibrations affecting adjacent structures. In inner Melbourne, where buildings sit on shallow footings from the 1880s, vibration limits are tight. We always install seismographs at the nearest property line before the first drop. The trigger limit is 5 mm/s peak particle velocity for heritage masonry. For the Southbank project, we reduced the drop height to 12 meters within 10 meters of the existing tram viaduct. That compromise still achieved 85% of the target density. The risk of liquefaction in the loose sands was also addressed through post-compaction CPT soundings.

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Applicable standards

AS 4678-2002 Earth Retaining Structures, AS 1726-2017 Geotechnical Site Investigations, AS/NZS 1170.0-2002 Structural Design Actions General Principles, Menard (1975) Dynamic Compaction Design Method

Technical parameters

ParameterTypical value
Drop Weight10 - 30 tonnes
Drop Height15 - 30 meters
Grid Spacing4 x 4 m to 12 x 12 m
Energy per Drop150 - 900 tonne-meters
Depth of Improvement3 - 12 meters depending on soil type
Number of Drops per Point5 - 15 passes

Frequently asked questions

What is the typical depth of improvement for dynamic compaction in Melbourne soils?

For loose sands and fills common in the Yarra delta, improvement reaches 6 to 10 meters with a 20-tonne weight dropped from 25 meters. Deeper improvement requires heavier tampers or multiple passes.

How does dynamic compaction affect nearby heritage buildings in Melbourne?

Vibration limits for heritage masonry are set at 5 mm/s peak particle velocity. We design drop sequences with reduced heights near sensitive structures and monitor continuously with seismographs.

What is the cost range for a dynamic compaction design study in Melbourne?

The cost typically ranges between AU$2.220 and AU$6.700 depending on site area, number of drop points, and verification testing required. This includes site investigation, energy design, and post-compaction CPTs.

Can dynamic compaction densify the soft clays found under Melbourne's western suburbs?

Soft clays require pre-drainage with wick drains to dissipate pore pressure. Without drainage, compaction energy is wasted. We always assess clay compressibility and install drains when the liquidity index exceeds 0.8.

Location and service area

We serve projects across Melbourne.

Location and service area